Fiscal and Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fiscal and Monetary Policy - Essay Example Therefore, it would be government who has to come forward and prepare a discretional fiscal and monetary policy in collaboration with the central bank to reduce the expansionary or contractionary gap. On the other hand, the pundits of passive policy assumes that the current position of economy is quite stable such that the market forces can better interact with each other to achieve the equilibrium in the economy due to the presence of automatic stabilizers in the economy. Active policy is quite famous among the policymakers due to the fact that by apply this approach the economy can be steered to a particular direction in quick times. The active policy is mainly utilized by the existing presidents just before the elections in order to gain some short term advantages so that their chances of being elected for the next tenure can be increased. Another important strength of this approach is that generally this approach is presented to the public in a very decent manner by the central bank and the government, but in reality, both these institutions heavily emphasize on the passive approach which is the core tool behind stabilizing the economy after recessions. This policy can provide its best of the results when some sheered expert policymakers are given the command to formulate a policy to come out of the recession. When those policymakers sit together and think, they can use active policy as their premier tactic which can bring stability to the economy . The weaknesses of this policy mostly wipe out the strengths of active policy because of considerable difficulties which arises when this policy is to be formulated. The biggest weakness of this policy is the difficulty in estimating the future output level of the economy and the unemployment rate. Both these factors are hard to foresee and identify under this approach. Another important weakness

Smoke detectors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smoke detectors - Essay Example This aspect compels companies that contravene these laws and other government policies on emissions to pay more in terms of hefty fines and this weakens the financial positions of most companies resulting to closure or struggling of subsidiaries in emerging markets. On equal measure, corruption has seen the recent claims on the dangers of ionization detectors kept from the public. Conspiracy between the government authorities and the some manufacturing companies forms a significant portion of a political risk on the smoke detector industry, because if the agitation on the issue persists, the companies stand to lose on the profits due to low sales. The Chilean government’s stability and convenient policies on smoke detector industry have encouraged foreign investors to invest. For instance, Chile’s stronger governance has enabled existence of a favourable taxation policy, which has relatively reduced the cost of foreign investors entering a country. This has increased business activities in the smoke detector industry. In essence, the Chilean government provides a favourable environment for investors in the smoke detector industry through tax incentives and protection against public misconception about the dangers of diverse produc ts. The target market for the Chilean smoke detectors in the US market is the students and homes. An estimated 20% of homes in the US are installed with the smoke detectors and the government policy requires that all learning institution be installed with such equipment (Razin, Assaf, Vosgerau, and Bufman, 123). This indicates that most of the Chilean smoke detectors land in the schools, colleges and homes. The perspective of this target is that it forms a large market niche for the detectors from the Chilean manufactures. Similarly, another portion of the US market for the detectors from Chile is the residential pool

Consumer attitude and behaviour toward online shopping at Amazon

Consumer attitude and behaviour toward online shopping at Amazon The main purpose of this research is to analyse online consumer behaviour in a systematic way. What factors affect online shopper while making the decision to buy goods and services from internet, to buy more items and give information about the product from website. Online shopping is the process of buying goods and services through internet. Since the development of World Wide Web, retailers sought to sell their goods and services through internet. Shoppers can visit web site and shop just sitting in form of computer. Consumer can buy anything from online such as books, households product, toys, hardware and software etc. Moreover, in just few decade the internet has become more popular to Adult and young shopper because the internet offers significant Advantages. Ability of the internet contains wide range of collecting information, supplying a service or purchasing a product. It offers you to Access to products and services which are not handy in local market. Online shopping is described as a computer activity performed by a consumer via a computer based interface, where consumers computer is connected to retailers digital storefront through a network (Haubl Trifts, 2000). Online shopping allows for choose options beyond the traditional way that may be more time consuming. It can help you to search about product in details and make comparison of prices and characteristic before you decide to buy a product. .An online business must have their different identity from their competitors so that it can sustain in business market among various online websites. Consumer satisfaction is vital factor for the online business to remain competitive. Steady customers, besides providing steady revenue, are necessary as it helps businesses obtain more customers through the act of referral (Kumar 2001). Online shopping is described as a computer activity performed by a consumer via a computer based interface, where consumers computer is connected to retailers digital storefront through a network (Haubl Trifts, 2000). ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND: AMAZON.COM Amazon was the first online bookstore and one of the largest bookstore and online store in global market. Founded in 1994 by Jeff Bozos, in 2004 it was in number one position in online services. Now it has 64 million consumers in more than 150 countries, 900,000 programmers linking with Amazon. Amazon sells directly wide range of product, books, music videos, mp3 DVDs. Clothes and kitchen items electronic goods and others. Even though company has highs and lows, Amazon able to manage the problems and sustain in competitive market. The company also used few strategies to leave behind their competitors like EBay. (Brynjolfsson Urban 2001). Moreover, improving of the company management, training to its employees and applying the advance technologies make more effective to the position of amazon.com. SWOT ANAYSIS OF AMAZON.COM The SWOT analysis is one essential tool for business to understand and measure internal and external environments where company function. SWOT is short form of Strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis offer a high quality outline for reassess position, strategy and direction of organisation. It is also useful for strategic planning, competitor evaluation marketing. SWOT analysis can assist to discover opportunity that business can take advantage of market and understanding the weaknesses company can reduce threats. Strengths: Diversified product such as books, CD/DVD. It also has provided additional consumer in other product areas and indicates strategic movement to the business to grow through new consumer bases. User reviews are seen as a positive attribute to share information and provide feedback which can help to stimulate sales. Weaknesses: It sells verity of product in different sectors, the company may lack the flexibility that some of its competitors possess. The focus on technology is quite important for online retailers. The system requires constant maintained in order to ensure consumer satisfaction by providing service without any delay. Opportunities: Amazon could collaboration with the public sector like British library, that users will use it as public libraries which also cover rare and old books. It can partner with various e-retail companies, in 2004 Amazon buy chinas biggest retailer joyo.com. it retails toys, movies and music at discounted price Threats: Being a global retailer, Amazon can face political problems in the countries where it operates. Advance development in technology which could change the markets might challenge the company to adopt these changes. Rationale: This research proposal is determined to discover about the proposed topic due to my experience in online shopping at amazon.com. There are some reasons why shopping at Amazon.com is better than visiting high street shops. The web is open 24/7/365 we can find anything on it. Research objective: The main intension of this proposal is to conduct an experimental research on the consumer attitudes and behaviours for online shopping. It also carries out primary and secondary research and re evaluate interconnection literatures on consumer behaviour towards online shopping. Online shopping primarily change the way shoppers buy goods and services. What factors affect online consumers behaviour? The main objective of this study is to analyze online consumer behaviour The focus of this research project address following objectives To identify key factors influencing online consumer behaviour. save time and money and evaluate prices from website to website Online retailers sell the product at a less price due to fewer operation cost. 4. To explore the success of Amazon. To identify how competitors compete with Amazon. To identify the competitors Direct Competitors Indirect Competitors To identify how competitors compete with Amazon.   Research questions Online shopping is good or bad? What are the difference between traditional shopping and online shopping? Why do consumers and businesses use the internet when they buy or sell the product? How well do consumers know about their rights and businesses know their responsibilities, when they use internet as a retail channel? What problems do shoppers and business encounter when they buy or sell online? And how well they resolve it? Mythology 7.1 Research design and design adopted The intention of this proposed is exploratory pretty than explanatory. This research will assume grounded hypothesis developed by Glaser and strauss. According to Glaser and struss , research is mainly the confirmation of theory or the growth of the theory through logical reasoning slightly than from experimental data. (Glaser and strauss, 1967). Grounded theory mainly focuses on systematic qualitative process for creating a theory that explicates concepts, procedure, action or interaction about the topic. According to Kotler the purpose of exploratory research is to collect preliminary data that will facilitate describe and suggest hypotheses. (Kotler et al 2006). Data collection methods 7.2 a) Sampling methods Sampling methods are classified in two types, probability and non probability. The shoppers of Amazon are taken as a population. The population of Amazon is too large to attempt the survey of all its members. In non probability sampling method a small number of groups represent the population. So in this research non probability sample is suitable. 7.2 (b) size of the sample A subset of population called size of sample. Sample contain.. 7.3 (c) sampling techniques Participant observation Interviews Interview is one of the common methods of data collection in qualitative research. A semi structure interview method will be appropriate to know what factors are important to online shoppers. This method allow to interviewee to talk about their opinions on the particular subject. Researcher can receive and give information related to the topic. http://www.mba-tutorials.com/marketing/248-amazon-swot-analysis.html CONCLUSION The proposed of this research proposal is conducting a thorough analysis of online consumer behaviour and factors which are most essential for online consumer in various aspects. Price is the most important factor that effect consumers buying decision. Recommendation This study provides some factors which are effect online consumer behaviour. It also suggest that to attract and retain consumer; online businesses have to adopt cost saving strategy which helps to increase buyers demand. Ref. Brynjolfsson, E Urban, GL (eds.) 2001, Strategies for E- business success, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. http://www.mba-tutorials.com/marketing/248-amazon-swot-analysis.html Haubl, G. Trifts, V., Consumer Decision Making in Online Shopping Environments: The Effects of Interactive Decision Aids, Marketin Science, Vol. 19(1), 2000, 4. Kotler et al. 2006, p.  122, Principles of Marketing , 3rd edn,   Frenchs Fores, Pine Forge Press http://en. /Exploratory research.com

North and Central Florida Springs Essay example -- Geology

Introduction Groundwater is the largest and most available usable source of drinking water in the state. There is a vast and mysterious system of caves and natural springs in North Central Florida. The cave system within the aquifer is one of the most amazing parts. The caves are remarkable in many ways. They are among the deepest and longest in the world, let alone the U.S. Another amazing aspect of the system is the purity of the water. The springs collectively produce billions of gallons of crystal clear water per day. The whole system stems from the Florida Aquifer that rests under the entire state. When most people think of Florida, they think of the weather and the beaches, but its the springs and the whole water system of the Florida Aquifer that makes the State so lush. The springs are an invaluable resource and natural wonder of the state. Combined, the system of 320 known springs produces nearly 8 billion gallons of water per day, more than the state currently uses (alt hough at present population growth, this remains to be seen). The springs of North Florida have always been a wonder. From the days of the Spanish Conquistadors searching for the "fountain of youth" to the millions of tourists that come to visit the springs today they have intrigued and amazed. With crystal clear waters feeding rivers that can disappear as quickly as they appeared the springs truly are an amazing sight. It was always thought that these springs were an unlimited resource, but scientists have discovered that man's influence can harm these spring. The Biscayne Aquifer in South Florida are already showing signs of a reduced flow due to the overpopulation of the area. The whole system is very fragile and we must all be ... ...d protect the water. There are grass roots organizations trying to help their areas and organizations like NSWA, but we need some cohesive concerted group effort if anything is going to get done. Individuals need to do their part to help preserve and protect the natural springs and the whole water system. The NSWA continues its lobbying of the FDA in its fight with the bottlers that use boreholes. Other groups are also helping and if they work together they may yet save one of our states most important resources. Although groups like the NSWA and Save Our Springs, Inc. have won small battles and stalled the advances of some companies, they are facing a booming 3 billion dollar industry with its own powerful lobbyists. The battle is far from over to protect our springs and everyone should be made aware of their obligation to help protect this invaluable resource. North and Central Florida Springs Essay example -- Geology Introduction Groundwater is the largest and most available usable source of drinking water in the state. There is a vast and mysterious system of caves and natural springs in North Central Florida. The cave system within the aquifer is one of the most amazing parts. The caves are remarkable in many ways. They are among the deepest and longest in the world, let alone the U.S. Another amazing aspect of the system is the purity of the water. The springs collectively produce billions of gallons of crystal clear water per day. The whole system stems from the Florida Aquifer that rests under the entire state. When most people think of Florida, they think of the weather and the beaches, but its the springs and the whole water system of the Florida Aquifer that makes the State so lush. The springs are an invaluable resource and natural wonder of the state. Combined, the system of 320 known springs produces nearly 8 billion gallons of water per day, more than the state currently uses (alt hough at present population growth, this remains to be seen). The springs of North Florida have always been a wonder. From the days of the Spanish Conquistadors searching for the "fountain of youth" to the millions of tourists that come to visit the springs today they have intrigued and amazed. With crystal clear waters feeding rivers that can disappear as quickly as they appeared the springs truly are an amazing sight. It was always thought that these springs were an unlimited resource, but scientists have discovered that man's influence can harm these spring. The Biscayne Aquifer in South Florida are already showing signs of a reduced flow due to the overpopulation of the area. The whole system is very fragile and we must all be ... ...d protect the water. There are grass roots organizations trying to help their areas and organizations like NSWA, but we need some cohesive concerted group effort if anything is going to get done. Individuals need to do their part to help preserve and protect the natural springs and the whole water system. The NSWA continues its lobbying of the FDA in its fight with the bottlers that use boreholes. Other groups are also helping and if they work together they may yet save one of our states most important resources. Although groups like the NSWA and Save Our Springs, Inc. have won small battles and stalled the advances of some companies, they are facing a booming 3 billion dollar industry with its own powerful lobbyists. The battle is far from over to protect our springs and everyone should be made aware of their obligation to help protect this invaluable resource.

The Federal Program for Labor Management

Employment has changed in the past decades because the world has changed. We've entered a new era, an era where the work ethic of employees, and more often the thinking and ethics of employers are many times questioned. The Federal Program for Labor Management has started as a way to provide for employees' representation through chosen representatives, in collective bargaining with respect to personnel policies, practices and matters affecting working conditions. Also, it was created to ensure that employees who want to exercise this right and take an active part in this process have the chance to do so. The contemporary challenges in labor relations and human resources management include the care for employee rights, disciplinary policies and procedures, alternative dispute-resolution procedures, organizational ethics in employee relations or governmental regulation of labor relations. Not less important issues regard the labor relations process, structures, functions, and leadership of labor unions, the bargaining process and trends in collective bargaining, the labor agreement and administration of the labor agreement. All these form a complex discipline with the sole aim to make work relations more efficient and satisfactory for both parts. Labor relations are an important topic of human resources management. The labor agreement is a contract between a organization's management structures and the its labor force, represented by unions, concerning aspects like wages, benefits and working conditions. Is comes in the form of written policies and procedures. The goal of this document is to create equitable work relations, in order to assure the workers' social protection, preventing or diminishing the conflicts of interests and avoiding strikes. All aspects of the labor-management relationship are dynamic. The agreement has the role to bridge the gap between the interests of both sides. The terms of the contract are enforced by the steward (a representative of the union), acting like a policeman, constantly on the lookout. The labor agreements can be conceived at different levels: a single plant, a branch, a company or even nationally, each with its own pro's and con's. A master agreement is conceived for an entire company or branch, covering multiple site locations. There are several stages of a labor agreement to be discussed. First of all, the contract has to be negotiated. This is usually done once a year. Once a settlement has been made, the document has to be well understood by both parties. These requires detailed analysis of the clauses on both sides. The next step is administration. This is also the process of getting ready to renegotiate. The management must do everything in its powers to assure a reasonable and accurate administration of the contract, showing flexibility at the same time. Last but not least is the evaluation process, upon any renewal of the terms. Since most people are routine-oriented and tend to do in the future the same things they have been doing in the past, it is particularly important to look backward. Learning from history, in other words. This may guarantee successful planning of future actions. In the following, I will analyze each stage, individualizing the for and against arguments to having a master labor contract. The agreement is the written image of a give-and-take relationship. Within a company, the management faces the workers in a confrontation for the most benefits. The management has to satisfy diverse needs of the various audiences it must serve: the executive branch, the shareholders, the labor force, the public at large etc. The union's major interest is to represent the employees. There are also dissimilarities between management goals and management structure and the aims and methods adopted by the unions, resulting in labor-management differences. Management usually wants to provide for a flexible work force that can respond quickly to mission needs. Labor, on the other hand, wants stability, security, and job protection for the worker. Management strives to stimulate competition among the workers and to identify the most efficient workers while the union works for the adoption of common work rules and methods of compensation or reward which tend to eliminate competition. What is, in this case, the better choice – to have separate union contracts for different plants or to have one master labor agreement? The negotiation table for a labor agreement resembles a battle field. Each participant fights for his own interest, throwing in all the weapons. Each side needs as much power as it can get. From a manager's point of view it would be more advantageous to negotiate separate union contracts, as it faces a less powerful opponent. Power is determined by a number of factors. In the case on unions, size is the most important (size determined by the number of members). This is why with separate contracts the management may have an upper hand. But, on the other side of the coin lies a great expense of resources. Time and money are wasted when it comes to separate negotiations. However, the purpose is to maintain â€Å"industrial peace†, meaning that whatever the results of the negotiations, they must meet both sides' exigencies. At the very heart of it, the labor agreement represents written policies and procedures created to ensure functionality and satisfaction. This is why negotiations are problem-centered; more time is spent on day-to-day problems than on defining abstract principles. Given the fact that current problems are usually very specific to a certain situation, it means that separated labor contract would have the advantage of dealing adequately with issues every time. A master agreement is in certain circumstances too general and irrelevant, leading to a variance between contract and practice. Although trying to cover all grounds in a written document is a lost cause, the contract has to be the foundation of the labor-management relationship, thus variances should be minimized. The aspects that escape the consideration of the negotiators have to be as few as possible. Another situation that may be encountered is a request for an increase of the wage at one of the plants. In the case of a master labor contract this would be resolved at a central level resulting in a waste of financial resources. But if the contracts were negotiated separately then the request could be met at an individual level. This would save money to the company. There are also other points to consider when deciding for a level of negotiation. Separate plants are located in different areas, characterized by different socio-economical factors. The area's degree of development may influence the discussions, providing an extra set of arguments to one of the sides. The high unemployment rate, for example, turns the scale in favor of the employer, while a low one represents a vantage point for the union. Environment, the degree of education, the minimum wage, as well as other issues, add extra weight to one side of the balance. An investigation is required (such as an environmental analysis), in each particular situation, in order to determine the better choice. Regarding the administration of the contract there are a few aspects worth to be taken into consideration at this point. Separate contracts allow the management to deal with problems one at a time, whereas a centralization of the process reduces the degree of mobility and may even result in financial losses or crisis situations. It is true, no doubt about it, that it is easier to conduct one labor contract agreement for a number of plant locations. However, it is possible for the union to strike, closing down all the plants. As opposed to this undesirable situation, if you have separate contracts, the union can only strike one plant at a time, giving the management the time required to resolve the situation. Management must not take a unilateral action without first considering whether it has an obligation to discuss the action with the union. Matters of legitimate concern for the employees include: personnel policies, practices and working conditions. In these cases the management must provide the union an opportunity to negotiate. So, whenever the company wants to bring change into any one of these fields it has to consult the union and it the chance to express its position. In this case it is somewhat difficult to negotiate separate contracts. Bringing union representatives from each plant to the same negotiation table would require great synchronization and it would be a logistic nightmare. Also, to ease a smooth relationship with the employees, the management must inform them even concerning the changes that don't have to be negotiated (retained management rights not subjected to negotiation). Another way management can help assure union understanding and, thus, facilitate efforts to properly administer the agreement, is to distribute brief explanations of at least the key parts of the agreement in order to avoid misunderstandings. Jointly prepared articles can be included in the installation bulletin and union paper. Similarly, labor and management can work together in the preparation of special bulletins explaining the contract as the situation demands. All these actions are easier to perform and less demanding in the case of a master labor agreement. Worker representation and participation in management, through the union, could plausibly increase productivity in one or both of two ways. In the first place, it could serve as a no pecuniary incentive for workers by reducing the monotony of work and enhancing the individual worker's dignity and self-esteem. As a result, job satisfaction would be increased, and increased job satisfaction is allegedly conducive to higher productivity and lower unit costs. These would be even more true in the care of separate labor contracts. When the employees are represented by people they know or have a chance to meet and work with they will feel personally involved – an underlying bias in favor of â€Å"insiders†. This is also a way to increase employee loyalty. The evaluation process helps creating a better contract. In order to evaluate, the management has to communicate with the union members. Failure to â€Å"talk to the troops† is a problem that has been encountered with increasing regularity in the recent past in labor-management relations. Communications should take place regarding all actions affecting the work force. The management's task is to make sure that the communications process works for, not against, management. There are two different aspects to be taken into consideration: the functional ones and the psychological ones. On a functional level, the communication process would be easier to sustain in the case of a master agreement, due to the fact that the management would deal with only a few union representatives. However, in the case of separate labor agreements, the communication would be more efficient because it would be more personal. The companies tend to be organized from the top down while unions tend to be organized from the bottom up. This is why the functional and the efficiency aspects of communication do not coincide in the two perspectives.

Impact of Fdi to Farmers in India

Shanmuga sundaram. S (MBA 1st year student Garden City College) ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to examine the opportunities, challenges, responsibilities and recommendations for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) impact on farmers in India. Since last two decades India is the attractive and profit oriented market for the investment to developed countries.FDI is an easy path to enter the market of developing countries as India which has vast consumer market, big retail sector, reach aggregate demand, inadequate domestic supply, weak infrastructure, lack in technological background, political instability, low GDP, poor management skill, sick investment promotion strategies, government outlook towards investment, inadequate finance and unemployment all these factors are responsible for the attraction of developed countries about FDI in India.This paper will give a brief explanations regarding how FDI is going to help farmers in India in sectors like Agriculture, Seed production and Retail sector in India and the conclusion part will show that India needs FD I but it must help everyone in India to be benefited.KEY WORDS; FDI, Agriculture, Seed production, Consumer market, Aggregate demand, GDP,1. INTRODUCTIONToday the hot most debated topic and emotive reactions are because of FDI in India is one of the most stirring and promising markets in the globe. Technical and Skilled human resources are the finest available in the world.Private sector is the lifeblood of economic activity in India which is energetic and well spirited. Middle class population of India is greater than the population of the USA or the European Union which provide India a key place in International competition. Starting from a baseline of less than $1 billion in 1990, India reached more than $24. 2 billion to FDI in 2010. A recent UNCTAD survey projected, India as the second most important FDI destination (after China) for transnational corporations during 2010–2012. The significance of FDI is rising heavily due to its all round contributions to the growth of economy.FDI in developing countries like India will help to improve the current GDP. And in India Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy and accounts for 15% of the Indian gross domestic product (GDP) Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy if farmers are happy the entire country will move to a success path ahead the role of FDI must benefit the farmers as to go to a strong economic path the farmers must not only produce and sell their product but must make a value added product and the role of FDI must make farmers of India to turn as an entrepreneurs.2. FDI IN AGRICULTURE The FDI inflows to Agriculture services are allowed up to 100% and allowed through the automatic route covering horticulture, floriculture, development of seeds, animal husbandry, pisciculture, aqua culture, cultivation of vegetables, mushroom and services related to agro and allied sectors. Agriculture is the main stay of the Indian economy as it form the backbone of rural India which inhabit ants more than 70% of total Indian population. Only in tea sector 100% FDI is allowed with prior permission.In a statement the department of industry policy and promotion in the ministry of commerce and industry said that FDI policy vide press note 4(2006series) dated February 10 2006 was rationalised. Further it requires company divestment of 26% equity in favour of the Indian partner or Indian public within a maximum period of five years. This also requires approval from the concerned state government in case of change in use of land for such activities.3. ALLOWANCE BY INDIAN GOVERNMENT Farm credit target of 2’25’000 crore for the year 2007-08 has been set with an addition of 50 lakh new farmers to the banking system. * 35 projects have been completed in 2006-07 and addition irrigation potential of 900000 hectares to be created and training of farmers arranged. * A programme for delivering subsidy directly to farmers has been arranged. * Loan facilitation through Agr icultural insurance and NABARD has also been facilitated * Corpus of rural infrastructure development fund has been arranged.4. FDI IN RETAIL (PROS&CONS TO FARMERS) FDI in multi brand retail will boost investment in cold chain facilities and bring down post harvest losses which benefits farmers. India is 2nd largest vegetables producer and 3rd fruit producer if FDI steps in to India the post harvest loss will be in control so to prevent the losses we need investment in the cold chain so more investment to set up such facilities will come with entry of FDI this will benefit both farmers and consumers. 3% of fruits and vegetables have been wasted in India where in Australia are the worlds No 1 in this where only 1% is wasted. India has only 5,300 cold storages so by increasing the well organised supply chain management the wastage can be controlled. So after giant retail companies stepping up to India the problem can be reduced. The company like Wal-Mart supply chain management is hug e and perfect so the losses can be prevented 5. ADVANTAGES India has 600 million farmer’s 1,200 million consumers and 5 million traders both the consumer is benefited by FDI. In Mandi system does not favour farmers because they lose 5% of the value in transportation,10% in broker commission and 10% in quality parameters so direct purchase by large retailers will solve this problemMany village farmers face very difficult to market their product because it takes long distance to travel which includes expenses like transport and labour problem is growing very high so to stop this FDI will make a change.People acquire goods and services at low prices, Savings are possible from routine transactions and Deposit increases from domestic. Good flow of money certainly lead towards sound position of host country.The role of FDI in job creation and conservation is found more favourable . Good inflow of FDI creates new employments in industries and market sectors of host country.FDI incre ases the industrial productivity. With the step of large output, India will boosts exports where the foreign exchange will be high.FDI improves the GDP rate better GDP rate repairs living standard of peoples in host country. If farmers get the money immediately after the harvest they can get ready for the next cycle of production.With the entry of foreign direct investment, the Indian organized retail market has become more competitive in terms of implementing newer business models on the operational format and pricing and reinventing and improving the supply chain.6. DISADVANTAGES If directly taken from farmers what products will come to local market.Foreign companies always try to achieve quick and large refunds on their invested capital. They take interest only in profit oriented ventures and neglect domestic and traditional business from investmentProblem of employment in rural area is not adequately solved. Most of the population of India is lived with unemployment in rural reg ion. FDI favours only urban regions for the investment and neglect rural & backward regions.Indian political environment is not constant. Business policies are affected with the change of political environment. It will not create smooth and fine running FDI policies and benefits to farmer.India will become a slave to foreign countries.7. AGRICULTURAL RETAILINGAs a 2008 ICRIES study of the impact of organised (but Indian owned) found for example, Average price realisation for vegetables is if farmers are selling directly to organised retail is about 25% higher than their products sold to the regulated government mandi. The companies like Bharti Wal-Mart direct purchase from farmers also believed to have augmented incomes by 7 to 10%. Indian government and farmers work alone will not be enough retail chains will have to work with agricultural scientists and farming communities and determine the type and quality of production that will be appropriate for their markets.There will be a p rocess of mutual learning for example in Gujarat the sourcing of certain types of potatoes by Mceain foods using contract farming arrangements is an indicator of opportunities. There has been a lack of investment in the logistics of the retail chain, leading to an inefficient market mechanism in the economy. Though India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (about 180 million MT/annum), it has a very limited integrated cold-chain infrastructure, with only 5386 stand-alone cold storages having a total capacity of 23. million MT. where 80% of this is used only for potatoes.The chain is highly fragmented and hence, perishable horticultural commodities find it difficult to link to distant markets, including overseas markets, round the year. Storage infrastructure is necessary for carrying over the agricultural produce from production periods to the rest of the year and to prevent distress sales. Lack of adequate storage facilities cause heavy losses to farmers in term s of wastage as well as selling price.8. FDI IN SEED PRODUCTIONIn Agriculture sector FDI is permitted in the development and production of seeds 100% FDI is allowed in fertilizer under automatic route in India. FDI inflows to fertilizers are beneficial for the expansion of the seeds and fertilizer industry in India. But in India the impact of seed companies have created huge loss to the farmers. The genetically modified seeds which is allowed in India since the year 2002.9. IMPACT OF BT SEEDS The entry of BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) seeds has created huge loss to the Indian Agriculture and Farming society. The genetically modified BT seeds which has capable to produce its own insecticide.After the entry of BT to India the poverty and many death rate of farmers increased particularly after the entry of the MNC company (Monsanto) in 2002 for every 30 minutes a farmer in India dies especially after the introduction of BT cotton . Compared to traditional seed genetically engineered seed s are very expensive and have to be repurchased every planting season. Genetically engineered plants require more water for growth and more pesticides than hybrid or traditional cotton seeds. This seeds were heavily marketed in India using film stars and with a price tag 4 to 10 times expensive than hybrid seeds.The total percentage of FDI Inflows to Fertilizers industry in India stood at 0. 26% out of the total foreign direct investment in the country during August 1991 to December2005. Prior to hybrids Farmers were able to harvest their own seeds from each crop to be planted next season. However many genetically engineered seeds contain terminator technology, meaning they have been genetically modified so that the resulting crops don’t produce viable seeds of their own. So as result new seeds must be purchased from the top companies. As a result farmers pay high price because the farmers thinks that they can save the money on pesticides.India has a traditional farming techn iques were India have taught great farming techniques to the entire world. But so far now 2 lakh farmers have been committed suicide particularly the highest in Maharashtra state. The entry of Monsanto an American based multinational company has destroyed 25% of farmers living in India. The most important is the turnover of Monsanto is 25 thousand crores which is high than India’s agricultural budget. So if we allow this type of companies like Monsanto through FDI after few years the total Indian economy will be in trouble. Table 1Source: Face sheet of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from April 2000 to March 201110. CONCLUSION To conclude this paper on FDI impact on farmers is likely to ensure adequate flow of capital into rural economy in a manner likely to promote the welfare of all sections of society, particularly farmers and consumers. It will bring about improvements in farmer income and agricultural growth and assist in lowering consumer price inflation due to the curr ent scenario of inefficient supply chain, lack of proper storage facilities and presence of multi-level intermediaries between farmers and direct consumers.FDI- driven â€Å"modern retailing† being a direct interface between farmers and retailers trigger a series of reactions which in the long run rural sphere can be one of the justifications for introducing FDI in agricultural retailing but the government should put in place an exclusive regulatory framework.11. REFERENCES Economic Reforms, Foreign Direct Investment and its Economic Effects in India by Chandana Chakraborty Peter Nunnenkamp March 2006Reserve bank of India online databases on FDI in farming Retrieved from (https://reservebank. rg. in/cdbmsi/servlet/login/)Retrieved from blog’s at Economic time’s news paper.Retrieved from publications at dipp. nic. in.Retrieved from tamilnadu agricultural university Coimbatore publications at www. tnau. ac. in/.D. Gupta, â€Å"Whither the Indian Village, â€Å"E conomic and Political Weakly, February2005.P Shivakumar and S Senthilkumar, ‘Growing Prospective of Retail Industry in and around India†, Advances in Management, Vol 4(2), 2011.